Peroxidase Lab Report Essay Example

Peroxidase Lab Report Paper We were able to measure enzymatic activity by the change in absorbency per second with a spectrophotometer. By testing different concentrations of peroxides and its reaction rate in seconds, we were able to see that as the amount of enzyme increased the catalytic reaction also increased. The optimal amount of peroxides concentration to be used in the subsequent experiments was determined to be 1. 0 ml. Any amount above this would have caused the rate of absorbency to be too fast, making it too difficult to get accurate readings. Any amount below this would not have produced a reaction at an appreciable rate. (Dolphin, Fleck, Collect and Wastage, p. 76) In addition, our results show that a rise temperature and pH only increase the rate of reaction to a certain point before the reaction rate begins to decline dramatically. In the case of boiling of the enzyme there was no rate of reaction found whatsoever. A similar result was found when hydroxylation was added to the peroxides and it caused an inhibition reaction. Overall, the results show that the peroxides enzyme is sensitive with reference to the above factors in whether or not a reaction is catcalled. INTRODUCTION Enzymes are essential in the breakdown of certain materials or molecules that cannot be used by or are harmful to an organism as they are, into products that can be used or are not harmful for the organism. They are proteins and their structure consists of amino acids with a specific shape. Enzymes have an area called an active site where substrates (only a particular molecule or material to be converted) bind. We will write a custom essay sample on Peroxidase Lab Report specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Peroxidase Lab Report specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Peroxidase Lab Report specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer When the substrate is bound to the active site on the whole entity becomes an enzyme-substrate complex. The substrates covalent bond is disrupted and this chemical change constructs a new product from the original abstract while leaving the enzyme unaffected. Once this new product is released, the enzyme can bind again with more of these molecules needing conversion. Sometimes the enzyme works with commences or cofactors such as vitamins or metallic ions to help the binding process. In other cases competitive inhibitors are at work and prevent a substrate from being bound to the active site on the enzyme. The competitive inhibitor is similar enough to bind with the enzyme, but because it is not a perfect match, the enzyme then loses its ability to catalyst a reaction for that moment. In accordance with these properties, we ill see how certain factors affect the reaction rate of peroxides. For our purposes in this lab we used the enzyme peroxides extracted from a turnip. Peroxides, along with the help of its iron ion cofactor, catalysts harmful hydrogen peroxide (H2O) into a harmless compound and water. In order to follow the rate of reaction for the breakdown of hydrogen peroxide, we used ecological, a colorless dye, which donates electrons and turns brown when it is oxidized. We used this dye so that we could measure the absorbency with the spectrophotometer as the hydrogen peroxide is being broken down and the lour change gets stronger over specific time intervals. We developed several null hypotheses for these experiments: 1) The amount of enzyme added to the reaction will not affect the rate of reaction. 2) Temperature will not affect the enzymatic activity. 3) pH will not affect enzymatic activity. 4) Similar molecule to substrate will not affect enzymatic activity. MATERIALS AND METHODS Materials and methods are taken from Lab Topic 7 in the Biological Investigations, 9th Edition. RESULTS Graph 1- Effects of Peroxides Amounts Graph 2 Temperature Effects on Peroxides Activity Graph 3 pH Effects on Peroxides Activity Graph 4 Boiled Peroxides Results Graph 5 Hydroxylation Results Graph 6 Optimum Temperature for Reaction Rate of Peroxides Graph 7 Optimum pH for Reaction Rate of Peroxides In Graph 1, Effects of Peroxides Amounts, it shows the difference in rates of reactions with different concentrations of peroxides in the solution Tubes 2 3 at 0. 5 ml, Tubes at 1. 0 ml and Tubes 6 7 at 2. 0 ml, along with corresponding line slopes. Graph 2, Temperature Effects on Peroxides Activity, shows the difference in rates of reaction for 1. Ml peroxides at ICC, Room Temperature ICC, ICC and ICC along with their corresponding line slopes. For Graph 3, pH Effects on Peroxides Activity, it shows the rates of reaction at pH 3, pH 5, pH 7 and pH 9, along with its corresponding line slopes at 1. 0 ml peroxides. Graph 4, Boiled Peroxides Results, shows the rates of reaction for 1. 0 ml between a Normal Extract of peroxides and a Boiled Extract of peroxides, both with their corresponding line slopes. In Graph 5, Hydroxylation Results, it shows rates of reaction for 1. Ml between a Normal Extract of peroxides without hydroxylation and a Hydroxylation-treated Extract of peroxides. Graph 6, Optimum Temperature for Reaction Rate of Peroxides, shows the slope of the line at each temperature. Lastly, Graph 7, Optimum pH for Reaction Rate of Peroxides, shows the slope of the line at each level of PH. DISCUSSION The significance of the observations in testing the enzyme peroxides and its rate of breaking down hydrogen peroxide helped us to make a decision as to whether to accept or reject our hypotheses in the experiment. The amount of peroxides concentration had a direct relationship to how slowly or how quickly a reaction took place. This result allowed us to reject our hypothesis that the mount of enzyme added to the reaction will not affect the rate of reaction. This test was important so that we could ascertain the best amount of concentration to use in the subsequent experiments with the spectrophotometer set at absorbency 470 NM and timed recordings at 20-second intervals for a total of 2 minutes. At 0. 5 ml of peroxides the reaction time was too slow thus no appreciable line or slope was rendered to measure the reaction with any accuracy. Conversely, it was a challenge to get accurate absorbency readings at 2. 0 ml of peroxides because the pace of the reaction appreciated so quickly and hen met equilibrium. At 1. 0 ml of peroxides the reaction time rendered an appreciable line and slope making it easier to record the absorbency every 20 seconds for 2 minutes and ultimately, the best concentration for use in the next experiments. It is known that when heat is applied to molecules, they move faster and collide more as the temperature rises. This is also true for the enzyme peroxides and its substrate until the temperature reaches ICC and then the reaction begins to taper off and it dives down drastically at ICC when the hydrogen bonds holding peroxides structure together begin to break. The results of this test confirm the same by the slope of each line and thereby we are able to reject our hypothesis that temperature has no effect on peroxides rate of reaction. At ICC the slope of the line is 0. 0071, at Room Temperature ? ICC the slope is 0. 0094, at ICC the slope is 0. 091 and at ICC it is 0. 0052. This is easily seen on the derivative Graph 6: Optimum Temperature for Reaction Rate of Peroxides attached. It should be mentioned here that in class it was decided from the table of results on the board for this experiment that ICC was the optimal temperature. In addition, it is difficult to fully see the results from the line graph number 2. As we can see here from the derivative graph, that just numbers without the prop er graphs can be misleading and it is necessary to take further steps in clarifying the observations and results. As for pH effects on peroxides activity, Graph 3, indicates that the amount of acidity or bassinets to a solution changes the three-dimensional structure of the enzyme and thereby changes the ability to bind with the substrate in an effective manner. Here we tested the null hypothesis: pH will not affect enzymatic activity. The results from Graph 3: pH Effects on Peroxides Activity indicate that the more acidic pH 3 level disrupted the enzymes ability to bind with its substrate and its reaction rate did not appreciate noticeably. As the solution became less acid at pH 5, the greatest reaction efficiency resulted. Once the pH was at 7 and beyond the reaction rate for peroxides and its binding ability became poor and the reaction rate declined. Again, it was necessary to do a derivative graph to see the slope results clearly. In Graph 7: Optimum pH for Reaction Rate of Peroxides, the rate of reaction increased drastically from pH 3 with a slope f 0. 00007 to pH 5 with a slope of 0. 0055 and then trails off as the bassinets increases at pH 7 with a slope of 0. 047 and plummets as it reaches pH 9 with a slope of 0. 0022. We can see the optimal pH is 5 in this experiment and we were able to refute our null hypothesis because it was shown that pH does affect peroxides reaction rates. In boiling the peroxides extract, the result was that no reaction activity was found. As mentioned in our book by Dolphin, Fleck, Collect and Wastage, the enzyme is denatured because the high temperature broke a large number of hydroge n bonds, which dramatically changed the structure of the enzyme permanently (82). A denatured enzyme cannot catalyst a reaction and this result appears evident on Graph 4: Boiled Peroxides Results. The comparison between a normal extract of peroxides and a boiled extract of peroxides shows that zero absorbency with no appreciation was yielded over the two minutes for the boiled extract as opposed to the normal extract that did yield an appreciable line with a slope of 0. 0099. Again, we can refute our null hypothesis of temperature will not affect the enzymatic activity. Finally, a null hypothesis that a similar molecule to substrate will not affect enzymatic activity was tested.

An Account of Library and Information Science Education at National and International Levels Essays

An Account of Library and Information Science Education at National and International Levels Essays An Account of Library and Information Science Education at National and International Levels Essay An Account of Library and Information Science Education at National and International Levels Essay An account of Library and Information Science Education at National and International levels By Keshav R. Dhuri Goa University INTRODUCTION: Among the countries imparting library and information science (LIS) education, India would rank within five nations chronologically, in output and contribution to the development of thought content. If it was Melvil Dewey who made an auspicious beginning in the west, then much more notable contributions came from Dr Ranganathan in the east in all domains of LIS knowledge, thought and content. For LIS education and pedagogy from India in general and from Ranganathan in particular, the it has been unmatched and the world has always turned towards India for something new to emerge from and excel. India has been a pioneer in education and research in LIS, particularly among the developing nations who are looking for a just educational environment in this context. What India can offer to the developing nations in imparting best education, training and research to the aspirants has been discussed in this paper? It gives a brief description of various aspects of LIS education in India and its implied suitability to the aspirants of educatee from the developing nations. PROFILE OF LIS EDUCATION IN INDIA: 1) Genesis and Growth LIS education in India started in 1911, when the Baroda School was started by W A Borden due to the initiative taken by Sayaji Rao Gaikwad II, the then Maharaja of State of Baroda. Since then, India has not looked back and has been striding high in the ladder A. Y. Asundi and c. R. Karisiddappa Information Officer, Siddaganga Institute of Technology. The paper presents a succinct profile and contributions of Indian LIS education since its inception. It also attempts to bring to the fore how this profile presents its international potentiality and perspective scenario in context to developing countries. Bull. Inf. This apart, several universities are concurrently running Distance Education Programmes too. The details of the developments of LIS education in India are well recorded in the status report of the Curriculum Development Committees (CDC) Report on Curriculum for LIS by the University Grants Commission (UGC) 2 ) UGC Efforts: The UGC efforts in the development of LIS education are well evidenced by the three committees that were constituted to formulate model curriculum and pedagogic guidelines for the LIS courses in India. The Ranganathan reports on University and College Libraries and Library Science Education were the first landmarks in this regard. Later, report of the Kaula Committee on Curriculum Development in LIS Education was published in 1992. This was followed with the Karisiddappa Committee report on Curriculum Development in LIS in 2002. The impact of these efforts were first seen in the continuous development of the curriculum with changing times. Second, the UGC recognised LIS as a discipline on par with other pure and applied subjects. Third was the growth of teaching departments in various universities. And finally, it also necessitated the need for qualified personnel to teach the subject, which gave impetus to start the masters and research degrees programmes. Thus the curriculum, developed over the years for the LIS matches with the modem and contemporary developments in the field and has been responsible for the creation of manpower to man the different types of professional responsibilities, in practice and teaching. ) Role of Professional Bodies and Other Agencies: The role of professional associations in India in the promotion of the LIS education and its systematic development has also been noteworthy. The three main professional associations-the Indian Library Association (ILA), the Indian Association of Special Libraries and Information Centres (IASLIC), and the Indian Association of Teachers of Library and Inform ation Science (IATLIS)-have been holding annual conferences at the national and international levels to take stock of manpower needs and supply of qualified manpower from the departments. In particular, the IA TLIS has been focusing much closer on the education sector than the other two; it widened the scope of the membership to plasticizing librarians so that the teachers and practioners share a common platform towards the developments of education sector and the needs of the practice sector. The IATLIS with ILA and IASLIC also organised jointly a National Seminar on Hundred years of Library Science Education and its Future in October 1987. IATLIS and AGLIS again rganised jointly a National Seminar on IT and its Impact on LIS Education and Library Management in 19965, Two unique courses were developed by the Documentation Research and Training Centre (DRTC) and the Indian National Science and Documentation Centre (lNSDOC) to cater to the needs of special libraries in particular. However, the inculcation of the graduates from these institutions in teaching programmes have given a new direction to the educational paradigm of LIS. While DRTC is an autonomous central ins titute under the Indian Statistical Institute, INSDOC is a constituent centre of the Council of Scientific and Industrial Research. The National Centre for Science Information is also offering a postmasters degree course with intensive application of IT to LIS. 4) Levels of Courses in LIS in India In India a variety of courses in LIS are offered and as such the learners have a wide DESIDOC Bull. Inf. Technol. , choice. From a three months Certificate Course to two years Diploma Courses are available to create Para-professionals. The Bachelors, Masters, MPhil and PhD degree programmes are also offered by most of the universities conducting LIS courses. Even at the Masters degree level, there are two courses offering one year BLISc, and one year MLISc or a two years integrated MLISc programme. Besides these, library science is also offered as an optional subject at the three years degree programme to inculcate professional knowledge with college level itself. The UGC report of the CDC gives more details on the structure of these categories. 5) Distance Education in LIS in India: Besides the formal educational programmes in LIS, India also has a good infrastructure of distance education programmes in LIS. As many as 52 universities are offering distance education prgrammes in LIS; some of them such as the Indira Gandhi National Open University (lGNOU) are providing this facility exclusively. IGNOU offers Bachelors, Masters, and Postmasters degrees and even is in the line to extend doctoral programmes in LIS through distance education mode. The course material and the audio- video lessons prepared by IGNOU can match to any international standards in this regard. 6) Curriculum Development and Research Growth: As already mentioned the curriculum of LIS has been continuously revised by he departments at least once in five years. In some cases, it is even once in three years. It takes recourse to the progress of the subject in its various dimensions. The three committees, mentioned already, have been second came only after 20 years. But, today the number of PhDs in LIS far exceeds the time frame; there are 1000 estimated PhD holders in India and each one of them has been guiding several st udents from their respective departments. In the next five years the number of PhD holders in LIS in India would be around SOOO-estimated at about five times more than today. A national meeting on Research in LIS was held in 1994 and numbers of papers on this subject were published to take stock of research output Infrastructure and Other Physical facilities UGCs initiative in providing adequate infrastructure to the LIS departments has enabled them to equip with IT laboratories to provide intensive training in their use. It is a matter of pride that among the developing nations India has the best suited curriculum with orientation to technology applications, (India has been the earliest to include a compulsory paper on library automation as early as in 1980s). The National Accreditation and Assessment Council (NAAC) under UGC have provided enough impetus towards creating good infrastructure, for both libraries and teaching departments. The faculty to teach the traditional and IT related subjects is also available in good number as is evidenced by the large number of conferences, workshops and refresher courses organised by several professional bodies, and the Academic Staff Colleges. The IATLIS also organised a National Conference on the Study of the Infrastructure Facilities available in the LIS departments of the country8. Besides, a statistical presentation in this context has also been given in the UGC Reportl. 8) IT in LIS Education: After the USA, the UK and some European countries, India is one among the few countries, where information and communication technology (ICT)-oriented LIS teaching is being provided. In late 1960s and early 1970s teaching of computer application commenced in Indian library science departments. The courses run by the DRTC and INSDOC also included a paper on library automation. The starting of the INFLIBNET and the Online Information 8 DESIDOC Bull. Inf. Technol. , Retrieval Experiments carried out at National Aeronautical Laboratory and INSDOC gave boost to the inculcation of new technology trends. The contributions of private agencies, in particular the online and CD-ROM database search services started by Informatics (India) are responsible for the initiation of technology culture in Indian libraries and among the library science teachers. A detailed account of technology application in India libraries and library science education has been given by Kumar. The National Information System in Science and Technology/Department of Scientific and Industrial Research (NISSA T IDS IR) and other research and development organisations like Defence Scientific Information and Documentation Centre (DESIDOC) and Sectoral Information Centres under NISSA T have also contributed to this process of technology application in libraries and the manpower development to man many of these libraries and information centres. Today, India with many projects on digital libraries on hand can be considered as technologically advanced in LIS education with IT applications. Many national and international conferences organised in this aspect gives a clear idea of its technological capabilities. INTERNATIONALISATION OF LIBRARY SCIENCE EDUCATION: The profile of LIS education development prescribed under above shows Indias unique experiences in different aspects of LIS education and place it on par with developed nations in imparting LIS education to the aspirants within and outside the country. Students from Kenya, Ethiopia, Thailand and from SAARC countries: and from many African and South-East Asian regions are coming to India under the fellowship of Indian Council for Cultural Relation (lCCR) for pursuing studies in LIS (from bachelors to PhD programmes) and leading the LIS education mantle in their respective countries. In 2005 two Indian professors of LIS were invited by the Danish Government to participate in the workshop organised by the Royal School of Library and Information Science, Copenhagen, where the participants were LIS educators from Africa, Asia and Latin America. The two scholars are members of the Discussion Group formed by International Federation of Library Association (IFLA) with a special emphasis on LIS education in developing countries. There is growing awareness in the Asia-Pacific region about the training and practice of library and information professionals in the 21st century and need for a regional cooperation with the countries like India, which is affluent with vast experience of teaching, research and practice in LIS. Study by Abdullahi, et al. needs to be referred here in order to surface the ppropriateness of India taking a lead-role in this context, particularly with an emphasis on developing countries. They made a theoretical survey on the importance of international and intercultural opportunities in serving as essential components In educating and training library and information professionals. The scope of the paper is though limited to Europe and North America, but the kind of opportunities identified by them can be a good frame work for the others to set-in their goals. Promotion of distance education is another area where internationalisation of LIS education can be promoted. India, since last 25 years; has been imparting distance education programme is LIS, particularly through IGNOU. IGNOU over the years has achieved substantial experience in this area, has created excellent course material using nations best subject experts to write the lessons, and has also broadcasted the lessons through its national television network. Like India, many other developing countries such as Ghana have been utilising ICT for distance education programmes. Martey in his paper has described the ICT scene in Ghana from 1996 to 2004. His paper emphases on the benefits that distance learners in Ghana will derive from an ICT -enhanced distance education. The paper also makes some suggestions as how academic libraries in Ghana can assist distance learners. India with her experience can also exchange the views with others in DESIDOC Bull. Inf. technology, the developing world. The suggestions made by Subba Rao in this context are also worth mentioning STUDY OF ISSUES RELATING TO DEVELOPING COUNTRIES: The broad perspectives on making LIS curriculum viable for the global issues were Presented by Karisiddappa. They also deliberated on major issues like emergence of information and knowledge society. The paper enlisted nine major factors that needed inclusion in the LIS curriculum. Many of them have now find place in the curriculum on LIS developed by the CDC of UGC. The curriculum has a viable balance between the traditional and technological aspects, practices, skills, and techniques. Karisiddappa has succinctly stressed the need for a model curriculum for developing countries. Shiholo and Ocholla21 in their paper have deliberated on the training needs of LIS professionals in Kenya. Their paper implies to seek international collaboration in developing a need-based curriculum. Indian expertise can be a part of this exercise to fulfill the requirements. Wijetunge stated that Poor information system has poor curriculum development in Sri Lanka. Ocholla and Bothma made some detailed study on the status, trends and challenges of library and information education and training in Eastern and Southern Africa. Similar studies have come from Mexico by Morales and from Croatia by Horvat. In the comparative case study of graduate courses in library and information studies in the UK, USA, India and Iran Mortezaie and Naghshineh have highlighted the need for curricula revamping in terms of diversity of courses offered; university independence; diversity of degrees offered; ease and flexibility of the higher education system; updated course programmes; emphasis on research; and course and curricula development. The paper also laments on a widening chasm between LIS education in developing countries and those in developed countries. In this context the paper by Asundi and Karisiddappa has presented a detailed perspective on the developing countries needs in their paper presented at the Copenhagen workshop in Denmark. Leif has identified number of collaborative aspects, which are not successful in Europe but could be of relevant to developing nations. The issues of collaboration can be examined by the Indian LIS teachers to make concerted efforts to achieve them. Asundi have also identified some areas of study relevant to developing countries. Like the Bologna Declaration-an international agreement with the help of IFLA could be arrived at with the Indian library and information science Departments working towards achieving the collaborative and participative attitude with The developing country schools. Chaudhry identified The aim to look into projects undertaken to promote collaboration between LIS education programmes in South East Asia. He suggested a plan for developing a repository of learning objects for facilitating sharing of teaching materials for improved LIS education. Faculty development was identified another important area of possible future collaboration in the region with possible involvement of international forums. Wijetunge, made a descriptive survey of LIS teachers of Sri Lanka. He identified a strange reason for the dearth of faculty to teach LIS subjects in Sri Lanka. He also expressed lack of full-time teachers to teach in LIS schools resulting in a set-back to professional education in Sri Lanka. Though the paper suggests for a complete manpower survey of LIS professionals, the gap needs to be filled-up as early as possible. Until then neighboring countries like India, which has needed expertise can help under the collaborative approach adopted by the SAARC countries. The two sections, the internationalization and the issues relating to developing countries, should be placed in juxtaposition and superimposed with the profile of the LIS education presented in the Sections International forums like IFLA have endorsed this View as is evident from the formation of Discussion Group under its purview. The trends in LIS education are rather very conspicuous and the influence of technology is diversifying its approach. Hence, the countries with both traditional approach and suitability to adopt the technology will endure the durability for the future. CONCLUSION: The LIS education in India has a unique profile, as it started as a voluntary vocation by many university libraries. This trend followed for at least a decade or so. An independent identity to the course was reached only in early 1970s. Despite these lacunae, it has progressed well and has attracted the world focus particularly that of the developing world. The profile of LIS education given in the paper shows the landmark achievements in its stride for recognition. Today, it has reached a stage where it is being considered as a course to be reckoned with technologically affluent programmes, and being considered on the agenda of apex bodies offering technical education. It is influenced by within and goes with concurrent progress made by India in the field of IT. In traditional subjects of LIS too, India stands different with scholarly contribution by Or Ranganathan and his contemporaries and disciples. Or Ranganathans contributions are being considered in the design of computerized information retrieval systems. Eisenberg, Michael B, et al. mentioned that an integration of traditional areas and IT developments is seen vibrantly in India as is evidenced by the PhD theses generated by the departments of LIS of Indian universities. The range of LIS subjects researched in India presents a very broad base, expressing in itself its potentialities and expertise in conventional subjects like library classification, library cataloguing, and library management and in the specialized areas like, digital libraries and open archives initiatives. The internationalization of LIS education is an issue being discussed at many international forums, and the role that Europe and North America played in the early genesis, was noteworthy. However, the needs of the developing countries are variable and they are looking towards viable partners to suit their social, cultural, economic and political environment. In consideration of these aspects, India can be considered as a viable partner in reshaping LIS education in developing countries. REFERENCES: 1. Dayani, M. H. (2005). Library and information science educational curriculum: Guidelines for evolution. Quarterly Journal of Library and Information Science 3 (1): 1-20. (Persian language). 2. Fattahi, R. (2005). Education for librarianship in Iran before the 1979 Islamic Revolution: An historical review of the American roles and influences. Library Review 54 (5): 316-327. 3. Fattahi, R. , et. al. (2006). The new MA curriculum for librarianship and information science: The report of a research project. Iranian Journal of Information Science and Technology 4 (2) 4. Ghadirian, A. , ; Asili, G. (2005). The prophecy of government, university and industry in national development. Quarterly Journal of Research and Planning in Higher Education: 127. (Persian language). 5. Gharibi, H. (n. d. ) Information Committee bulletin, No. 8, Available: irandoc. ac. ir/Com/Newsletter/Bulletin-8. htm#A ?. (Persian language). 6. Hayati, Z. (2008). Library and information science challenges in universities of Iran. Quarterly Journal of Library and Information Science 1 (2): 23. (Persian language). 7. Human resource development. (2002). Damparvar Journal 3:9. (Persian language). 8. Iranian Book News Agency (IBNA). (2008). Library and information science educational curricula should be correct: An interview with Dr. Horri. Available: ibna. ir/vdcgwq9x. ak9n34prra. html. (Persian language). 9. Kumar, P. S. G. Computerisation of Indian libraries. B. R. Publishing, New Delhi, 1977.

American History Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

American History - Essay Example From the above list, elaborate on five terms: 1. Florence Kelley Florence Kelley was an important figure during 1916 reforms related to women rights. She worked to reduce the working time for the women to eight hours. However, special permissions were given to sick and married women. She worked immensely for the women rights. She worked to maintain laws for the higher labored works to shorten the duration of work. She worked to minimize the child labor. Kelley guided the authorities to work in order to inform the people about the product. She emphasized to implement similar laws regarding women and children in other states. Women were not allowed to work in the manufacturing or industries more influenced by dangers. She informed that women have to perform double duties, at home and at work. 2. The Political Earthquake of 1890’s The Political Earthquake of 1890’s had huge impact on the history of America. Major economic depression was there during the period. Businesses got destabilized. Government limited to buy the silver. Gold was considered as the regions financial standard. The rights of Blacks were defended. Reforms in the federal election laws were made. Laws were made for the blacks, less educated whites and poor. Dominance of the ruling party was maintained by taking steps to win the votes of people and defeat the political enemies. Booker T. Washington wanted the American black race to be involved in the legal order. 3. People's (Populist) Party National Platform (1892) People's (Populist) Party National Platform (1892) had a great impact on the American history due to the demand to change the political culture of the region. The culture was full with bribes to attain the votes. The whole system was corrupt. Political leaders struggle hard to change the system of the region. Labor unions were encouraged to attain rights. Wealth is not a commodity of a person, it should be distributed. Currency should only be made by government and the pri ce difference between the gold and the silver should be in the ratio of 16:1. The value of the media should be increased. Adjusted income tax was demanded. Saving banks should be owned by the governments. 4. Bennett English-Language School Law (Wisconsin, 1890) Republican and Democratic State Platforms on the Bennett English-Language School Law (Wisconsin, 1890) provided with the political reforms in the American history. Reforms were made to maintain the rights of the peoples and the institutions of the United Sates. Schools funds were defended It was assured that school funds would never be spent on any other work. Education was made compulsory through legislations for the assembly membership as well as for other people. School laws were implemented in nearly all states. It was assured that the attendance at the schools would remain full. Unions made by church faced an opposition. People were encouraged to remain patriotic. People were asked to help the government to implement the school laws. 5. Wealth against Commonwealth (1894) Henry Demarest Lloyd was the reformer who emphasized on the distribution of wealth. The major point made by Henry Demarest Lloyd is that the wealth in more hands is much better than wealth in fewer hands. More people will have some share of wealth that will help in betterment of society. It was discussed that liberty is the factor that impacts the financial conditions. Ballet boxes have lower power that that of the automobile industry. Wealth attracts more people as compared to the ballot box. The

Interpretation of contract indemnity provisions Essay

Interpretation of contract indemnity provisions - Essay Example Indemnity can be broadly defined as the promise to pay money; with one party to a contract making a promise to be responsible for any losses which are suffered by other parties to the contract and this occurs when there has been a breach of a contract or a warranty. In the event that one party suffers a loss, the other party may have provided a guarantee in the contract to make up for such losses and would then be obliged to make good the losses which have been suffered, whether through damages or any other kind of loss which occurs. These losses can be compensated in the form of cash payments, repairs or a replacement of the item that has been lost or damaged. This study proposes to examine how indemnity differs from warranties and exclusion contracts and how the manner in which the indemnity provisions are spelt out can influence the manner in which such provisions are interpreted. According to Parker and Slavich, an indemnity is a contract between two parties in which one party agrees to be liable for the losses or damage that are sustained by another party, whether the party is a signatory to the contract or a third party, on the basis of a specified act or a condition or the damage that results from a claim or a demand1. The purpose of a contractual indemnity is to ensure that the risk inherent in the performance of the contract is distributed among all the parties to the contract, although in reality, the net result will be based upon the relative bargaining power of the parties. One of the different forms of the indemnity provision in contracts is the survival provision, whereby the survival of representations, warranties and indemnities are limited to an agreed period of time from the execution of the contract. Another aspect of indemnity contracts are releases, i.e., releases of claims and liabilities Indemnity clauses are offered in

Wall Street Journal Articles for International Accounting Article

Wall Street Journal Articles for International Accounting - Article Example There is high likelihood that the streamlined standards will have major impact on the financial reporting over a wide cross-section of organizations and industries. For this reason, it is important that various audit committee members remain updated on the progress of this initiative in order to identify areas of particular concern and facilitate smooth transition period from the old processes, systems, and financial reporting to newly adopted ones. The proposed revenue model requires recording of the amount of revenue in a pattern that reflects the transfer of control of the goods and or services in question. The FASB recently released a proposed Accounting Standard Update (ASU) touching on classification and measurement of financial instruments. This made with the object of increasing the convergence between US GAAP and IFRS and above all simplify classification methods. Concerning leasing accounting, the boards intend to provide an open and steady representation of leasing transac tions in the financial statements by taking into consideration information relating to the rights and obligations that comes with lease contracts. This article is related to the international accounting particularly International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) and International Accounting Standards (IAS) in a number of ways. First IASÂ  39 Financial Instruments: Recognition and Measurement of 2003 categorically stipulates the requirements for the recognition and measurement of financial assets and liabilities as well as certain contracts that relates to purchase and sale of non-financial items. Additionally IAS 32 Financial Instruments: Presentation also summarizes mandatory accounting requirements for the presentation of financial instruments especially with regard to their classification into financial assets, liabilities and equity instruments. The same case applies with the IFRS 9 Financial Instruments, which outlines the requirements for recognition and measurement for f inancial instruments. IAS 17 Leases also touches on the policies and disclosures concerning leases contracts. This is a clear indication that the initiative of Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) and International Accounting Standards Board (IASB) to streamline accounting standards should not contravene terms of IFRS or IAS with respect to financial instruments, revenue recognition and lease accounting. 2. Philbin, B. (February 22, 2013). SEC Pressed Citi for More Details on Brokerage Joint Venture The Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) recently requested Citigroup Inc to come out and defend how it was disclosing and valuing its brokerage joint venture with Morgan Stanley to its investors in its 2011 annual report a few months before it was forced to take approximately $3 billion write-down on the business. It is believed that the business events played an integral role in paving way for exist of Vikram Pandit as the chief executive officer. This request was intend to make the New York Company expand on its language in its report to the investors about valuation and disclosures regarding ownership the business formerly known as Morgan Stanley Smith Barney. The request has not been a onetime event but rather entangle in correspondence, which began in April 2011 and continued into last summer when Citigroup was asked to avail a copy of the report it used to establish the value

Market and strategy analysis of whirlpool

Market and strategy analysis of whirlpool Refrigerator is truly an integral part of every home. The choice of refrigerator brand and model you want to buy will depend on the number of people in the house as well as your income and their space available in the income. Mainly refrigerators are two types direct cool, frost control and frost free refrigerators. Whirlpool develops the strategy of market segmentation ,target market ,distribution and manufacturing. Whirlpool is the first manufactured product of home home appliances The market share of whirlpool is above 25% Segmentation Whirlpool understood Indian market very closely,and launching products through customer needs. Its mainly basis on the technology,price,services. When the customer needs and wants of the products are launched they are feasible to every customer. It is the basic segment. It covers all the features except for modular shelves, all of them are single metallic bodys.in this segment ranges from 180 to 230 litres.These type of refrigerators are small refrigerators and small shops.In this canot be stored in large capacity.The price varies from 8850 to 12700.In this master price is the base product with unique health guard,thick door design and jumbo bottle neck.In this genius xl premier is the higest product with unique health guard,thick door design,jumbo bottle rack,chill max and modular shelves features. Frost control This segment is the premier segment. It has more feature values compared to the direct cool. This type of refrigerators are technically advanced and are aimed to reduce frost information in the refrigerator.Its ranging capacity is 180 to 310 litres. In this price varies from 11550 to 17745.Its has mainly the 6th sense frost control technology and which is the additional point of this segment. Frost free This segment is the elite segment. It is the most profitable segment in the whirlpool. In segment there are 21 models.Compared to other the price and capacity are more. Its ranges from 220 to 450 litres.In this segment it has not introduced in the low capacity refrigerators.For elite models it has created the higher segment.Mainly the elite models are used for super markets and malls.The price varies from 13775 to 36200It has mainly introduced the 6th sense tower cooling technology for forst free refrigerators.for end products its also introduced 30 litre crisper. Target customers The market that is valued for refrigerator is 4000 crores.In the consumer durable market then th market share is 16%.In market is growing annually at 7-8 %. For the direct cool segments the consumer requirements are low capacity. i.e house holds,small shop keepers, bachelors. For the frost control segment is the average amount of income and is mainly targeted in the middle class. For the frost free segment mainly targeted on the high income and also large storage capacity. In terms of income it can be classified for 3 differrent strategies.In the whirlpool mainly advertising on the target of housewives.hence the primarily target for whirlpool is housewives. Positioning Mainly its has trying to itself as a homemaker.Recently the whirlpool tag line for advertisements was your magic is home making.in earlier it was you whirlpool.For advertising and promotion it spends 70 crores.Ajay and kajol are brand ambassadors of whirlpool. A relationship basedon equality,love and romance. The following are the Successful mantra of Whirlpool: Know a customer Be a customer Serve a customer The major competitors with whirlpool in the refrigerator segment are Samsung LG Industrial structure The industrial structure mainly comes in the category of oligopoly market. But the 3 of them having the major share. Brand identity: The identity of brand is very crucial in this industry. The company with a strong brand can be definitely success in this industry. New entrants: Threat is very low. Advertising : Requires huge amount for advertising. In india it was established in the year 1997. LG has no segments, they are mainly concentrated only one segment. In this green ion door cooling refrigerators are the special features. It has been rated 5 star by Bureau of Energy Efficiency (BEE). They launched recently in the first TV-refrigerator. In this segment there are 9 models available in the market. It is mainly targeted in the middle and above middle class. The price vries range from Rs.14450 to Rs.39880 It is only one refrigerator with out works stabilizer. PROMOTION / MARKETING STRATEGY Its marketing mainly depends up on advertising.abhishek bachan was the brand ambassador for LG. Mainly concentrate on the rural areas. In this market share is increased to 15.8 to 18% For this value to the customer is more important and not price. They are top quality and leading edge technology. Samsung is mainly the technology leader and they mainly competiitn with others is technology. They are mainly twin cooling system. They provide optimum level of coling in the refrigeration compartment and the freezer. Mainly it is around cooling action. Mainly it uses the siver fresh technology. In this furtherly can be classified in to 3 segments. Direct Cool Frost Free Side By Side Direct Cool It is mainly target on the middle class. In this there are 6 different models. Its ranges the capacity of 180-200 litres. The price varies from Rs.8,700 to Rs.10,900 Frost Free Refrigerators No of models Price Rs Less than 350 litres 6 13000-2200 Greater than 350 litres 6 29000-56000 Bottom freezer 3 38000-56000 Side By Side Its mainly targeted on the premium product in the niche market. It has mainly 13 models. In this capacity ranges from 545 to 880 Litres Price varies from Rs. 56,000 Rs. 1,41,000 After Sales Service They started the own service centres and helpline numbers. In this mainly success mantra is 10 second to loose a customer, 10 years to gain them back . For this year expecting to expand refrigerator channel by 25%

Intro speech Essay

Earth Hour is a worldwide movement for the planet organized by the World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF). Earth Hour engages a massive mainstream community on a broad range of environmental issues. It was first famously started as a lights-off event in Sydney, Australia in 2007. Since then it has grown to engage more than 7000 cities and towns worldwide, and the one-hour event continues to remain the key driver of the now larger movement. The event is held worldwide and held towards the end of March annually, encouraging individuals, communities, households and businesses to turn off their non-essential lights for one hour as a symbol for their commitment to the planet. Earth Hour 2013 was celebrated on March 23, 2013. Earth Hour 2014 is scheduled for Saturday, March 29, from 8:30 p.m. to 9:30 p.m. during participants’ local time. -2004: in Sydney not so famous – 2007: Become well known -2008: Earth Hour 2008 was held internationally on March 29, 2008 from 8 p.m. to 9 p.m. local time, marking the first anniversary of the event. With 35 countries around the world participating as official flagship cities and over 400 cities also supporting, Earth Hour 2008 was celebrated on all seven continents. Landmarks all around the world turned off their non-essential lighting for Earth Hour, including the Sydney Opera House (Sydney, Australia), Empire State Building (New York City, USA), (examples) 2008 participants[edit] Earth Hour 2008 included 26 major cities worldwide and 300 smaller towns shutting off their lights.[6] 2009: Earth Hour 2009 was from 8:30 p.m. to 9:30 p.m. local time, March 28, 2009. 88 countries and 4,159 cities participated in Earth Hour 2009,[37] ten times more cities than Earth Hour 2008 had (2008 saw 400 cities participate).[38 96 countries on 6 continents participated in the event in 2009. – 2010: Earth Hour 2010 was held from 8:30 p.m. to 9:30 p.m. local time, 27 March.[49] In Israel, the hour was held on 22 April.[50] Earth Hour 2010 was reportedly the biggest Earth Hour yet, aiming to garner more than the one billion participant goal of 2009’s Earth Hour.[51] 126 countries participated in Earth Hour 2010.[52] 2011: Earth Hour 2011 was the biggest year in the campaign’s five year history, reaffirming it as the largest ever voluntary action for the environment. It took place in a record 5,251 cities and towns in 135 countries and territories in all seven continents.[59] It had an estimated reach of 1.8 billion people across the globe. In addition to this, the campaign’s digital footprint grew to 91 million. – 2012: Earth Hour 2012 was observed on 31 March 2012 from 8:30 p.m. to 9:30 p.m. (participant’s local time).[66] It took place in more than 7000 cities and towns across 152 countries and territories, making it the biggest growth year for the campaign since 2009. In February, Earth Hour launched its 2012 campaign â€Å"I Will If You Will†, with the intention of engaging its growing global community to go beyond the hour and coordinate efforts publicly through Facebook, Twitter, Google+ and e-mail. Using a dedicated YouTube platform,[67] IWIYW asks Earth Hour’s digital community to inspire people from all corners of the globe to take sustainability actions, and to share their commitment to the environment with their own social media networks. -2013: Earth Hour 2013 was held across the world on Saturday, March 23 at 8:30 p.m. to 9:30 p.m. local time[71] to avoid taking place after European Summer Time begins, ensuring the greatest impact of the lights off ev ent. It is also to avoid coinciding with Western Christianity Holy Saturday, which falls on March 30 of that year. 2014: Earth Hour 2014 announced the date will schedule on March 29 as seen on the 2013 Earth Hour highlights >> â€Å"I will if you will† Campaign: â€Å"I Will If You Will† (IWIYW) is an Earth Hour campaign to encourage positive  action for the environment. The actions required are up to the individual or group. They could be big or small and it might be a simple lifestyle change or perhaps something that leads to political change. The campaign intends for people to become the inspiration to their friends, family, colleagues and communities by sharing what they’re willing to do to protect the planet. Challenges can be created or accepted on Earth Hour’s YouTube channel. Many organization supports and celebrity endorsement – The Earth Hour Global FAQ page states: Earth Hour does not purport to be an energy/carbon reduction exercise, it is a symbolic action. Therefore, we do not engage in the measurement of energy/carbon reduction levels for the hour itself. Earth Hour is an initiative to encourage individuals, businesses and governments around the world to take accountability for their ecological footprint and engage in dialogue and resource exchange that provides real solutions to our environmental challenges. Participation in Earth Hour symbolises a commitment to change beyond the hour.[86]

Black Skin, White Masks

Frantz Fanon, an afro-Caribbean psychiatrist has so painstakingly showed the Black social reality of the to the whole world, through his book Black Skin, White Masks. He was clear to show that until today, this particular Black race is suffering from a â€Å"mental illness† that hinders his very existence into today’s society. Mental chains bound blacks. They are being restricted to act naturally in this world because they are unconsciously captivated by their own mindset and their own take on the French European White race.The colonized black Martiniquians are subject of Fanon’s psychoanalysis. He is a black man himself who belongs in a middle-class family in Martinique, which is a colony of France. The Black Martinique is socially ill in such a way he lets himself be an object of a White man’s pleasures. In page 40 of the book, Fanon says â€Å"the Negro is a toy in the White man’s hands; so, in order to shatter the hellish cycle, he explodes. â €  The Martinique Black men are regarded similar to a plaything of the White French European in Fanon’s eyes.And sadly enough, Black people believe that they have the power to do so. In their minds, the idea that there could be no race more dominant, more powerful, or more superior to that of the Whites is slowly building up. And as a result, the Black men unconsciously put themselves into the White Frenchmen’s authority. The educated Martinique blacks are socially anticipated to stand up for their race and individuality. But they fail to recognize this expectation of them. Instead, they strive to pattern their selves to be comparable to the French whites, rather than uphold their own race.These well-schooled Blacks gradually assume that they are raised to a certain status otherwise reserved for White people alone. They assess their success against the triumphs of the French Europeans; therefore they are following their standards. They then started to ignore their o wn states of being Black. Soon, the Martinique Black men developed immense inferiority complex. Fanon further states in page 25 of his book that â€Å"the Negroes’ inferiority complex is particularly intensified among the most educated, who must struggle with it unceasingly. †The Martinique Negroes or the Blacks referred here started to go out of their ways to prove their own existence, rather than to uphold their inherent worth, essence, uniqueness, and accomplishments. They started to be recognized in such a way they are not Blacks, but something else closer, if not equivalent, to the French European race. A mentally challenged Black man, as Fanon would put it, would evaluate himself in the perspective of a White person, rather than his own race’s. He would compare himself, all that he attained, and his personal value against his fellow Black brothers but under a White man’s scrutiny principles.A socially sick Black person lives under the shadow of a Wh ite man. The meaning of love and companionship of Martinique Blacks involved a mixed relationship scenario also becomes disoriented. To a Black man, being with a White person is considered as a dream relationship. They begin to believe that having a White partner is a form of an achievement in its own. It seems as if their social status is somewhat raised as they marry a White husband or wife. Given this reality, Martinique Blacks people tend to choose a White person to be their life-long companion instead.They would easily choose a White partner even though they seem to be less compatible than their Black counterparts. It would not matter if another Black person seems to be their own perfect match; what matters more is the stature a White person would give in their state of minds. A White partner seems to serve as a trophy, a medal, or a plaque. And it stops there. The real essence of choosing the person to love and to be with is all ignored. To quote Fanon in page 42, â€Å"I sho uld have like to be married, but to a White man. But a woman of color is never altogether respectable in a White man’s eyes.Even when he loves her. I knew that. † Given these facts, the Black Martiniques who are the subject of Fanon’s book do have psychopathology or mental illness. And majority of this is because of the trends in their current world. Their present state is lacking in Black advocates in general. There is really no institution that genuinely champions the Black cause. There is no Black-oriented entity that is well accepted and is not ridiculed. Everything that is Black in nature and in concept is trivialized and is deemed second-rate. Fanon’s suggested solution to a Black man’s sickness is to restructure the world.This is not going to be a simple task, given the situation. But it still has to start somewhere. And the solution has to start with the Martinique Black race. Black people should begin to realize that they have a dignity of their own. They should begin to establish their black race. They should unite together and make an impact to the society. They should all act according to their customs, their traditions, and their history that are mistakenly forgotten. It is about time that they should discontinue living within the standards of a race not their own.The sickness is merely mental, therefore the ultimate solution will come from the mind as well – inside the Martinique Black’s mind. Victory over this mental illness will be achieved by psychologically breaking away from the French European influence. Black people should come to realize that the White race is dominant only because they believed so. The White race is powerful only because lived in a society where it seems so. Without the Black people’s unconscious assumption that the Whites will always be better and stronger than Blacks, the mental chains will continue to exist.

The V-Chip Essays - Parenting, Television Technology, V-chip, Chip

The V-Chip Essays - Parenting, Television Technology, V-chip, Chip The V-Chip On February 8, 1996, President Clinton signed into law the Telecommunications Act of 1996, which dramatically altered the telecommunications industry over the next several years. One of the most controversial sections of the bill was Section 551, titled "Parental Choice in Television Programming," which calls for manufacturers to include a "V-chip" in every new TV set 13 inches or larger. The V-chip is a device that will enable viewers to program their televisions to block out content with a common rating. Proponents of the system say that it will enable parents to protect their children from viewing violent and explicit material. Opponents say it violates the First Amendment rights of the broadcasters, and enforces government censorship on the television industry. Even though the President has already signed the V-chip legislation into law, it remains at the heart of a heated political battle. The strongest objection raised to the V-chip by its opponents is that it violates the First Amendment Rights of the broadcasters. They claim that the government is imposing a system of censorship that will lead to "blander" and "less dramatic" television. Representative Ed Markey (D-Mass.), who spearheaded the drive for the V-chip, argues that there is nothing in the legislation that limits the content of programs. He, and other supporters of the V-chip, say that the broadcasters will still be able to air any programming they wish. They will just have to accompany the programming with a rating that will help identify to parents the content of the programs. He emphasizes that it will be left to the parents to decide which programs they wish to view, not the government. Broadcasters respond by saying that there is simply too large of a volume of programs to rate all of them. As an example, they say that there are fewer than 600 movies that have to be rated each year by the Motion Picture Association of America, while there are over 600,000 hours of cable programming that would have to be rated each year. Supporters of the V-chip say that its purpose is to give parents control over the level of violence and sexual material their children watch on television. Critics, however, claim that the ratings will be too broad. They would not be able to intelligently choose for themselves which shows are acceptable and which are not. Critics argue that many shows such as cartoons and even the news could potentially be classified as "violent" and be blocked. In response to this argument, news and sports programs will be exempt from the ratings requirements. This creates it's own problems, though. It will be difficult for officials to decide what qualifies as "news" or "sports." Tabloid shows such as "Hard Copy", for example, could be labeled as either news or entertainment. Many shows will try to avoid ratings by claiming exemption as either a news or sports show. Another one of the biggest concerns of V-chip opponents is that it would cause broadcasters to lose money since many advertisers would not pay for time in a show that might be blocked from millions of households. This would eventually cause the networks to drop highly rated shows in favor of "blander" fare that will attract more advertiser revenue. Even though the V-chip has been signed into law, there are still tremendous hurdles it must pass before it appears in television sets. The last major hurdle the V-chip has to clear is the battery of legal challenges it is sure to face. Designers are reluctant to devote time and resources to designing a system that may be found unconstitutional by the Supreme Court. Since the court decision is not likely to come until near the deadline for full implementation, however, designers will simply have to gamble their funds that the system will be approved. Both sides agree that the V-chip is bound to have an impact on the type of programming offered. Cable channels are unlikely to change much, since they are not advertiser funded, but network television will be forced to rely on sitcoms and other "inoffensive" programming. While some believe this is a good thing, others worry that viewers will turn to cable channels, and network programming will lose its audience, and therefore its advertiser funding.

Capitalism vs Communism essays

Capitalism vs Communism essays Capitalism and Communism are two totally different economic systems. Capitalism is a much better economic system than Communism. Capitalism is an economic system characterized by freedom of the market and is the economic system where you do not have freedom because the government will make most of your decisions for you. Capitalism has many pros to go along with its economy. The government will change gradually, but is able to adjust to it with ease. Each person also has individual freedom with lack of government interference. We also have the freedom to choose what we want and when we want it. On the other hand, not everybody will have a job, and the government will not help him or her find one. If you do have a job, everyone will be getting paid the same amount of money as you do. It all depends on what you do, whom you work for, and how long you decide to work. Communism has many drastic chances at a time, but is able to handle them. The bad things about communism is that everybody has a job, but no matter how much you work or whom you work for, you will always be getting paid the same amount of money as everyone else. Another bad thing about communism is that consumers will not always get what they want because the government decides on what you will buy. When you go to the store, you have a choice of what you want to buy. If you are communist, the government decides for you. Because of this, you can not always get what you want which is why communism is not a good economy to live in. In our economy, you must work to make money. The more you work, the more you will get paid and now you will be able to buy what you need, and what you want. In a communist economy, you can work as much as or as little you want, but you will still get paid the same amount of money as everyone else. Why would you want to work so hard if you were going to make the same amount of money? If you hardly ever put any effort ...

Disappearance of Coral Reefs due to Global Climate Change Research Paper

Disappearance of Coral Reefs due to Global Climate Change - Research Paper Example The research paper "Disappearance of Coral Reefs due to Global Climate Change" analyzes the sources of a disappearance of coral reefs since the global warming has higher devastating effects on coral reefs across the world. Large parts of coral reefs in various oceans in the world and the marine life supported by them are almost getting wiped away. The increase of temperature on the earth has been caused by green house effects. These are gases that are emitted from industries and later forming a thick layer in the atmosphere. This layer of gases allows ultra-violet rays of the sun to pass through the earth. However, the layer prevents the same rays from escaping after they are reflected by the earth. This leads to rising in global temperatures which according to the scientist, it has currently increased with 1.9 degrees. This has created a devastating long term effect of damaging coral reefs in the oceans. Researchers have indicated that about 7.5 percent of the world’s coral cover has been destroyed by a rise in temperature. Damage to coral reef has also been affected by ocean acidification that results from global warming. Acidification of ocean is caused by absorption of gases released into the atmosphere from various human activities across the world. Currently, due to increased industrial revolution, there is the higher emission of gases such as carbon dioxide, nitrogen monoxide, and other pollutants into the atmosphere. These gases form acids when mixed with water and in some situations form acid rain.

Financial Review of Southern Textiles Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Financial Review of Southern Textiles - Essay Example f) Based on the information about potential returns on investments in the first paragraph and information 0n marginal cost of capital ( in parts a, c, and e) how large a capital investment budget should the firm use Project A will increase the firm's processed yarn capacity and has an expected return of 15% after taxes. Project B will increase the capacity for woven fabrics and carries a return of 13.5%. Project C, a venture into synthetic fibers, is expected to earn 11.2% and Project D, an investment into dye and textile chemicals, is expected to show a 10.5 % return. Project A 15% 25 million Project B 13.50% 25 million Project C 11.20% 25 million Project D 10.50% 25 million 100 Project C and D yield lower rates of return than 11.304% . Hence they should not be taken up Investment budget should be for Projects A and B= 25+25=50 million g) Graph the answer determined in part f.