Soil machines Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Soil machines - Essay Example The terrain of the ground can be described as flat since there was no any steepness was observed. On the east side of the site, walkway was present while buildings were not within the vicinity of the site as shown on the map. Before the excavation of trial pit the top soil was removed. The next step was to place all the layers of soil according to their extraction order. This was very important as the characteristics of the soil at different depth would be established. Tests such as Moisture Probe test, the Mackintosh test, shear vane test and the permeability test were conducted to establish the properties of various strata. The results of these tests revealed that; This test is aimed at measuring the ability of the soil to sustain structural load. This test is essence for the purpose of putting up a building in the site. The test first measure the un-drained shear strength by planting a shear vane into the ground and measures the level of pressure at the point where the soil shears as shown on table 3. We settled for the mackintosh probe because it is portable due to the fact that it is hand operated in addition it produces vivid and reliable results. The test used a 5Kg hammer to drive a number of connected 120cm-long steel rods into the ground at intervals of 100mm. The depth of the result was as in table 4. Reading from the table, it can be inferred that there is a distinct intensification in the quantity of blows between 400 and 500mm. The result affirm that the soil gets denser as the ones penetrates to the ground. Permeability (k) is the ease with which water passes through the soil. It is measured in ms-1.cylinders of 100mm in diameter and 150mm in height are planted into the ground and filled with water. Measurements are then taken every minute of the water level as it decreases with time (flow rate). On the matters of reliability the test is questionable as there might be some

LAW2046 PUBLIC INTERNATIONAL LAW II Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

LAW2046 PUBLIC INTERNATIONAL LAW II - Essay Example The exact legal definition for what would constitute humanitarian intervention has a wide latitude of discretion in terms of interpretation. The variations in its application include distinctions on humanitarian interventions limited to instances where: there may not be any consent from the host state, in instances where the intervention is being used as a form of punishment, and where the intervention involves retaliation for actions where the UN Security Council is already acting on2. In general, humanitarian interventions include activities the application of military actions. It is an intervention which seeks to interfere with state authority through the deployment of military forces within the restricted land and airspaces of the violating state3. This intervention also usually involves situations which may not impact on state interests but on acts which have humanitarian overtones. The issue of humanitarian intervention has long been one of the main issues of international poli cy and related considerations, especially with various incidents of human rights violations perpetuated by states against their citizens and against other residents4. The principle of state sovereignty and non-interference in independent state affairs are principles and arguments often used by violating states in order to refuse humanitarian interventions. ... Without the UN authorization, any military attack is considered illegal, however, there may be moral and political support given to it under certain exceptional cases7. The intervening states would not likely be accused as lawbreakers, however there is a risk that the international legal courts would deem their actions to be legally or politically unjustified. There is a strong justification for military action in the face of human rights violations against people of another state because the foundations of human rights are not based on state borders8. The fact that the human right violation is being carried out by the state against its citizens and the international body sets up a logical and justifiable case of human rights intervention. This doctrine was built naturally from the history of European imperialists using religious justifications in order to suppress the rights of their colonies9. These actions do not anymore apply to current times, however, the roots for humanitarian intervention can be understood clearly under these considerations. Humanitarian intervention is justified for a variety of reasons. One of its main purposes relate to the prevention of genocide and the mass murder of citizens by government actors. Research reveals that since the 1900s, governments have been able to carry out killings totalling up to 169,198,000 of their own citizens10. This number is actually a greater total than the lives lost in this century’s wars11. Humanitarian interventions have been carried out in some of these mass murders in order to stop the significant number of human rights abuses. In the case of Idi Amin of Uganda,